The only way of mastering any topic in Organic Chemistry is doing lots of practice problems. And I know, seeing my students, that starting to work on a practice problem may be the hardest part as you don’t know where to start. It is difficult to visualize what where the double bond would be moved if you follow the five curved arrows crammed in one step. Here is the trick:
We are always told to think before doing something. Fair enough. But let me tell you, it is also strangely enough, that in Organic Chemistry, it is often better to draw and then think about what you did (not in the lab though). It is much easier to have a structure in front of you and check for errors and improvements.
Do the first step, take the pencil and you will see that the ball gets rolling.
You have all these Organic Chemistry Practice Problems waiting to be solved!
In the previous post, when discussing the mechanism of radical halogenation, we saw that polyhalogenation is a common issue as it results in a mixture of haloalkanes. Monohalogenation, on the other hand, is more useful for preparing haloalkanes used in … Read more
In today’s post, we will discuss the radical halogenation of alkanes. This is one of the few reactions that alkanes undergo, and it is an extremely important transformation because the products are alkyl halides. As we already know from the … Read more
The first practice problem is a summary of alkyne reactions, followed by comprehensive synthesis practice problems; all the major classes of alkyne and alkene reactions are covered!These include the preparation of dialkyl halides and their use in the preparation of … Read more
Alkylation of Terminal Alkynes Many reactions of alkynes are similar to those of alkenes, as they are both π-bond systems that are capable of doing electrophilic addition reactions. One important difference is the acidity of the alkyne proton. The pKa … Read more
Ozonolysis of Alkynes The Ozonolysis is an Oxidative Cleavage reaction where both the π and σ bonds of the double or triple bond are broken to form two carbonyl groups. If you remember, in the case of alkenes, either ketones … Read more
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkynes Like alkenes, alkynes can also be subjected to Hydroboration-Oxidation to achieve an anti-Markovnikov addition of an OH group to the π bond. As in the case of acid-catalyzed hydration and oxymercuration, the intermediate here is an enol, which, this … Read more
Alkynes react with halogens in the same way as alkenes. The first addition of the halogen to the π bond produces a trans dihalide which is then converted into a tetrahalide: The trans dihalide can be prepared by … Read more
Alkynes have a general formula of CnH2n-2, and that is 4 H atoms less than alkanes, which have the general formula CnH2n+2. In between, we have the alkenes with the CnH2n formula. This means that alkynes can be reduced by … Read more
We have seen that in acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes, an alcohol is formed according to the Markovnikov’s rule: In 1881, a Russian Chemist M. G. Kucherov discovered that alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. The final product of this reaction, … Read more
We have seen that the electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes produces alkyl halides according to Markovnikov’s rule: Alkynes undergo hydrohalogenation following a similar pattern. The addition of one equivalent of HX produces a vinyl halide, which … Read more
