Enolates in Organic Synthesis – a Comprehensive Practice Problem

This is a comprehensive practice problem on the alpha carbon/enolate chemistry. The topics covered range from the simple halogenation reactions of enols to multistep synthetic transformations.

To correctly answer these questions, you need to review the main principles of enolate chemistry – direct enolate alkylation, aldol condensation, crossed aldol condensation, alkylation using acetoacetic ester synthesis, malonic ester synthesis, the Stork enamine synthesis, Claisen condensation, Michael addition, and Robinson annulation.

Check the links below if you are looking for practice problems on specific topics in alpha carbon chemistry:

 

 

Practice

1.

Aldol Condensation

Determine the structure of the aldol condensation reaction for each of the following aldehydes and ketones.

Remember, aldol condensation occurs after the aldol addition and leads to ɑ, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound.

Answers and more problems on the Aldol Condensation can be found here.

2.

Suggest a synthetic route to achieve the following transformation:

 

Answers and more problems on the Aldol Condensation can be found here.

3.

Crossed Aldol Condensation

What starting material is needed to prepare each compound by an aldol reaction? Specify the compound that is deprotonated and then acts as the nucleophile and show the steps in the correct order.

Answers and more problems on Cross Aldol Condensation can be found here.

4.

Enolate Alkylation Practice Problems

Predict the major product, addressing the stereochemistry where applicable, and show a mechanism for each of the following reactions:

Answers and more problems on the alkylation of enolates are given here.

5.

Pethidine, also known as meperidine and marketed under the name Demerol, is a fully synthetic opioid of the phenylpiperidine class. The following synthesis scheme illustrates two approaches to synthesize Pethidine, and both include an alkylation of the α-position.

Add the missing reagents and intermediates in the synthesis of Pethidine.

 

 

We have lots of similar practice problems on the synthesis of essential drugs here!

6.

Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis and Decarboxylation

Determine the major product for each acetoacetic ester synthesis shown below:

Answers and more problems on Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis.

More problems on Decarboxylation

7.

How would you use the acetoacetic ester synthesis to prepare each of the following products?

Answers and More Problems on Decarboxylation

8.

Propose a synthetic strategy that does not rely on any other carbon source:

 

Answers and More Problems on Decarboxylation

9.

Michael, Clesien, and Diechman Reactions

Add the missing reagents and intermediates in the following synthesis:

 

More practice problems on the Michael, Clesien, and Diechman Reactions:

A collection of Practice Problems on the Synthesis of Essential Drugsa nd Biologically Active Compounds

 

Answer

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10.

Comprehensive Practice Problems on Alpha Carbon Chemistry – Enolates in Organic Synthesis

Propose an efficient strategy to achieve each of the following synthetic transformations and show the structure of all the key intermediates.

 

a)
Answer

The starting material is a cyclic acetal which serves as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Therefore, it needs to be removed first before the alkylation of the alpha carbon can occur. Notice that the alkylation occurs at the less substituted carbon since LDA is used as a strong, sterically hindered base which favors the kinetic product in direct alkylation of enolates.

b)
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c)
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d)
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e)
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f)
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g)
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h)
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i)
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j)
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k)
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l)
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m)
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n)
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o)
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p)
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q)
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r)
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