The only way of mastering any topic in Organic Chemistry is doing lots of practice problems. And I know, seeing my students, that starting to work on a practice problem may be the hardest part as you don’t know where to start. It is difficult to visualize what where the double bond would be moved if you follow the five curved arrows crammed in one step. Here is the trick:
We are always told to think before doing something. Fair enough. But let me tell you, it is also strangely enough, that in Organic Chemistry, it is often better to draw and then think about what you did (not in the lab though). It is much easier to have a structure in front of you and check for errors and improvements.
Do the first step, take the pencil and you will see that the ball gets rolling.
You have all these Organic Chemistry Practice Problems waiting to be solved!
In the last few articles, we talked about the key electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions and the synthetic strategies based on the ortho, meta, para directing effects. Below is a summary of electrophilic aromatic substitution practice problems from different topics. … Read more
A comprehensive set of practice problems on the reactions of alcohols including substitution, elimination, oxidation, as well as multistep synthesis through the formation of alkenes and subsequent addition reactions.
In this review, we will try to summarize what topics and types of questions from organic chemistry are covered in the MCAT test. Organic chemistry is tested as part of the Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems Section. You … Read more
The Wohl degradation cleaves the C1–C2 bond of an aldose chain, shortening it by one carbon. Like in the Kiliani–Fischer synthesis, the transformation relies on first converting the aldehyde group to a cyanohydrin. Notice, however, the key difference: the (red) … Read more
The Kiliani–Fischer synthesis lengthens the carbon chain of carbohydrates by adding one carbon to the aldehyde group of an aldose. For example, using this method, D-arabinose can be converted into a mixture of D-glucose and D-mannose: Notice that … Read more
The carbonyl group in aldoses and ketoses can be reduced by NaBH4 to a 1o and 2o alcohol, respectively. The product of this reaction is a polyalcohol called an alditol. The reduction of the ketones creates a new … Read more
Aldoses contain alcohol and aldehyde functional groups, which can be oxidized to carboxylic acids. Depending on the oxidizing agent, we can either selectively oxidize the aldehyde or involve the primary alcohol as well. If both groups are oxidized to a … Read more
Let’s see how the ether and ester derivatives of carbohydrates are prepared and used in organic synthesis. We have seen that carbohydrates undergo different epimerization and isomerization reactions in basic aqueous solutions and are therefore not stored under basic conditions. … Read more
Aldoses and ketoses undergo epimerization and other isomerization in basic solutions through keto-enol tautomerization. For example, a solution of D-glucose was found to establish an equilibrium containing both D-glucose and D-mannose: This type of reaction, characteristic of monosaccharides, … Read more
In the previous post, we mentioned that carbohydrates exist mainly in their cyclic forms when 5- or 6-membered rings are possible. Remember also that cyclic carbohydrates are hemiacetals which can be further transformed into acetals. The acetals of monosaccharides are … Read more
