The only way of mastering any topic in Organic Chemistry is doing lots of practice problems. And I know, seeing my students, that starting to work on a practice problem may be the hardest part as you don’t know where to start. It is difficult to visualize what where the double bond would be moved if you follow the five curved arrows crammed in one step. Here is the trick:
We are always told to think before doing something. Fair enough. But let me tell you, it is also strangely enough, that in Organic Chemistry, it is often better to draw and then think about what you did (not in the lab though). It is much easier to have a structure in front of you and check for errors and improvements.
Do the first step, take the pencil and you will see that the ball gets rolling.
You have all these Organic Chemistry Practice Problems waiting to be solved!
Let’s determine the relationship between the molecules in each of the following two pairs of molecules: They have the same chemical formula and connectivity of atoms, which, however, have different spatial arrangements. Therefore, they are stereoisomers: … Read more
To understand what configurational isomers are, let’s define/describe the terms “configuration” and “conformation”. Configuration is the orientation/direction of the atoms that we cannot change, whereas conformation is the orientation of the atoms which we can change via rotation about a … Read more
Enantiomers and diastereomers are types of stereoisomers. Recall that stereoisomers are isomers with the same connectivity but different spatial arrangement of atoms. The isomers with different connectivity of atoms are called constitutional isomers: The (R)-2-chlorobutane and (S)-2-chlorobutane shown … Read more
In the previous post, we learned about ortho/para and meta-directing effects of various groups and atoms. Except for halogens, ortho/para directors are those who activate the benzene ring in electrophilic aromatic substitution, whereas deactivators direct the substitution in the meta position. Here … Read more
You might have heard the term “Nonsuperimposable Mirror Images” during the lecture but did not quite understand what it was and how it was related to enantiomers, diastereomers, or other types of correlations between organic molecules. So, what does … Read more
We have seen that carboxylic acids can be reduced with LiAlH4 and boranes to primary alcohols. We also know that esters, nitriles, and acid chlorides can be reduced to aldehydes using DIBAL or at lowered temperatures (typically -78 oC): … Read more
There are direct ways of converting alkenes to amines covered in undergraduate organic chemistry textbooks, so a question like this is most likely meant to test your knowledge on multiple functional group transformations. The strategy here is to … Read more
In the previous post, we discussed ring expansion rearrangements where 4 and 5-membered rings were transformed into more stable, larger rings. Sometimes, the process goes in reverse direction, and larger rings are transformed into smaller rings. These are … Read more
Amides are the least reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids, so reducing them requires using the strong reducing agent LiAlH4. The reduction converts primary, secondary, tertiary cyclic, and acrylic amides to corresponding amines: The Mechanism of Amide Reduction by … Read more
Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols using an excess of strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4 or LAH). As sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is the most common reducing agent we learn about together with … Read more
