We have seen a number of important transformations of nitriles, including their conversion to aldehydes and ketones. In today’s post, let’s discuss the reverse transformation, that is, how to convert an aldehyde into a nitrile. Unlike some functional … Read more
We have seen some important transformations of carboxylic acid derivatives, including the hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions. So, one question you may encounter on homework assignments is the reverse conversion, that is, going from … Read more
Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autism spectrum disorder. It belongs to a class of drugs known as second-generation antipsychotics, which act primarily by modulating dopamine (D₂) … Read more
Sulfanilamide, one of the earliest synthetic antimicrobial agents, holds a foundational place in medicinal chemistry because it introduced the concept of selectively inhibiting bacterial metabolism. As a member of the sulfonamide class, its structure mimics p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), allowing it … Read more
Let’s look at this conversion through the eyes of a student new to organic chemistry: amides are almost like amines, except they contain a carbonyl (C=O) group attached to the nitrogen.So, how can we add a carbonyl to the nitrogen? … Read more
This content is for registered users only. Click here to Register! By joining Chemistry Steps, you will gain instant access to the answers and solutions for all the Practice Problems, including over 40 hours of problem-solving videos, Multiple-Choice Quizzes, Puzzles, Reaction … Read more
This content is for registered users only. Click here to Register! By joining Chemistry Steps, you will gain instant access to the answers and solutions for all the Practice Problems, including over 40 hours of problem-solving videos, Multiple-Choice Quizzes, Puzzles, Reaction … Read more
This content is for registered users only. Click here to Register! By joining Chemistry Steps, you will gain instant access to the answers and solutions for all the Practice Problems, including over 40 hours of problem-solving videos, Multiple-Choice Quizzes, Puzzles, Reaction … Read more
In the previous post, we talked about the Hofmann Rearrangement, which is the conversion of primary amides to primary amines: Notice that the carbon chain of the product is shorter by one atom because of the decarboxylation that … Read more
Amides are the least reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids, so reducing them requires using the strong reducing agent LiAlH4. The reduction converts primary, secondary, tertiary cyclic, and acrylic amides to corresponding amines: The Mechanism of Amide Reduction by … Read more
