Preparation of Amides Amides can be prepared from acyl chlorides, esters, and carboxylic acids. The most straightforward should be the reaction with acid chlorides since they are the most reactive carboxylic acid derivatives, and amines are good nucleophiles too. This … Read more
Carboxylic acid derivatives practice problems This is a comprehensive practice problem covering most of the nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Here is the content of this 1-hour video for the practice problem solutions: The detailed … Read more
In the previous post, we discussed the principle and mechanism of the Wittig reaction. Go over those if you need to, and in the following practice problem, we will work on proposing a synthesis for Wittig reagents as well as … Read more
We discussed the mechanisms for the hydrolysis of acetals, imines, and enamine to aldehydes and ketones in the previous posts: Acetal Hydrolysis Mechanism Imine and Enamine Hydrolysis Mechanism So, here is a set of practice problems you can work on … Read more
Aldehydes and ketones have higher priority than all the other functional groups we covered so far. Therefore, they define the parent chain and give the corresponding suffix. All the other groups standing below in the functional group priority table are … Read more
Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols under acidic conditions to form acetals. Acetals are tetrahedral compounds where two alkoxy (OR) groups are bonded to the central carbon atom. Â Â The mechanism of the reaction is similar to what we … Read more
Aldehydes and ketones react with water in the presence of an acid or a base, forming a Hydrate – Geminal Diol:   The addition of water to most aldehydes and ketones is unfavorable, and the equilibrium is shifted mainly … Read more
In the previous post, we learned about the Friedel–Crafts alkylation and discussed its mechanism and limitations. In Friedel–Crafts acylation, aromatic compounds are reacted with an acyl halide to prepare an aryl ketone:   The electrophile in this reaction is … Read more
Alcohols can be oxidized into a variety of carbonyl compounds depending on the nature of the alcohol and the oxidizing agent used. Secondary alcohols can only be oxidized to ketones, while primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids, … Read more
The main difference of the Grignard reaction compared to everything else you learn in the reactions of alcohols is that it is another way of making a new C-C bond and extending the carbon chain of the molecule. The most … Read more
