Ritalin is a central nervous system stimulant used primarily in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It acts by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain through inhibition of their reuptake. Structurally, Ritalin contains a phenyl ring … Read more
Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) widely used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and related conditions. Structurally, it is a substituted tetralin derivative, featuring a fused bicyclic aromatic system, a dichlorinated phenyl ring, and a secondary … Read more
Prozac (Fluoxetine) is a widely used antidepressant belonging to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It increases serotonin levels in the brain by inhibiting its reabsorption, which helps improve mood and treat depression, anxiety disorders, and OCD. … Read more
In this post, we’ll talk about the Hofmann rearrangement, a reaction that’s used to convert primary amides into primary amines. We know from earlier discussions that amides are generally converted to amines by reducing them with LiAlH4. … Read more
Decarboxylation is the loss of carbon dioxide upon heating, typically characteristic of carboxylic acids with a β-carbonyl group. These are most often beta-keto acids, malonic acid, or its derivatives: Carboxylic acids by themselves are very stable and do … Read more
We have seen in many reactions that amines are quite good nucleophiles and strong bases, and therefore, sometimes, they need to be protected to allow for transformations of other functional groups. Perhaps the most common strategy to protect an amino … Read more
A variety of reactions that we have seen earlier can be used for preparing amines. The most straightforward would look like an SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide with ammonia or an amine: The main drawback of this … Read more
Michael reactions are conjugate-addition reactions of doubly stabilized enolates such as malonic ester, acetoacetic ester, and the like with ɑ, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds: So, the Michael reaction is a particular type of conjugate addition reaction that ɑ, β-unsaturated … Read more
In the previous post, we talked about the acetoacetic ester synthesis, which is used for preparing ketones having one or two alkyl groups on the ɑ position: Another way to look at this reaction is to say that … Read more
The acetoacetic ester synthesis is a useful synthetic tool for preparing ketones having one or two alkyl groups on the ɑ position: At first, this may look confusing since there is a whole ester group being lost in … Read more
